JAMA诊断检查解读血红蛋白或红细
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JAMADiagnosticTestInterpretationMay4/31,ElevatedHemoglobinorHematocritLevelRobynM.Scherber,MD,MPH;RubenA.Mesa,MDJAMA.;(0):5-6.doi:10./jama...
A71-year-oldwomanpresentedforevaluationofanelevatedhemoglobinlevel(16.g/dL)thatwasincidentallydiscoveredduringarecentemergencydepartmentvisit.Shereportednightsweatsandsomeexcessivefatigueoverthelastfewmonths.Shewasunawareofanyfamilyhistoryofblooddisorders.Herphysicalexaminationrevealednormalheartsoundsandnosplenomegaly(Table).
一名71岁女性患者在近期急诊就诊期间偶然发现血红蛋白水平升高(16.g/dL)。患者主诉近几月出现夜间盗汗及过度乏力。患者没有任何血液系统异常的家族史。体格检查发现心音正常,脾脏不大(表)
问题HowDoYouInterpretTheseTestResults?你如何解读上述检查结果?
答案选项A.Thepatienthasalow-normalserumerythropoietinlevel.SheshouldbetestedforJAKV16Fmutationstatus.患者血清促红细胞生成素水平处于正常低限,应当进行JAKV16F突变检查
B.Thepatientlikelyhasfamilialpolycythemiagivenherlow-normalerythropoietinlevel.Sheshouldbereferredforgeneticcounseling.患者血清促红细胞生成素处于正常低限水平,因而可能为家族性红细胞增多症。患者需要接受遗传学咨询
C.Thepatientlikelyhassecondarycausesofherelevatedhematocritlevel.Nofurtherworkupisneeded.患者很可能为继发性红细胞压积水平升高。无需进一步检查
D.Thesefindingsarelikelyduetodehydration.Furthertestingwouldlikelyindicateanormalredbloodcellmasswithalowplasmavolumesuggestingdehydration.这些表现可能因脱水引起。进一步检查可能发现红细胞大小正常但血浆容量减少,提示脱水
答案A.Thepatienthasalow-normalserumerythropoietinlevel.SheshouldbetestedforJAKV16Fmutationstatus.患者血清促红细胞生成素水平处于正常低限,应当进行JAKV16F突变检查
检查特点TheJAKVFmutationwasfirstidentifiedinandispresentin95%ofindividualswithpolycythemiavera(PV),atypeofmyeloproliferativediseasecharacterizedbyelevatedhemoglobinandhematocritlevels.1TheJAKVFpointmutationsubstitutesaphenylalanineforvalineintheautoinhibitorykinasedomainofthejanuskinaseprotein,resultinginconstitutiveactivationandsignalingofSTATproteins,whichcontributetoerythropoiesisandmegakaryocytedifferentiation.JAKVFisawidelyavailableandcost-effectivegenetictestforidentifyingclonalhematopoiesis.Typically,JAKVFisquantitativelyreportedaspicogramofJAKVFpermicroliterofplasma(Medicarereimbursementcostoftesting,$14.87),althoughqualitativetestsareavailable.Inthegeneralpopulation,JAKVFhasasensitivityof47%to%andaspecificityof98%to%formyeloproliferativedisease3suchasPV.IfthereishighsuspicionforPVinthesettingofwild-typeJAKVF,furthertestingforexon1mutationsshouldbeconsidered.Theprevalenceofexon1mutations,whichconveyneworenhancedactivityinthe80aminoacidsprecedingJAKVF,is.5%to3.0%amongthePVpopulationsstudied.1,4,5ThepresenceofeitherJAKVForotherfunctionallysimilarmutationssuchasexon1arepartofthemajorcriteriaforthediagnosisofPV.6,7
JAKVF突变最初于年被发现,可见于95%的真性红细胞增多症(PV)患者。PV是一种以血红蛋白及红细胞压积水平升高为特征的骨髓增殖性疾病。JAKVF点突变即在JAK激酶蛋白的自身抑制性激酶结构域发生突变,苯丙氨酸替代了缬氨酸,导致STAT蛋白的结构性活化及信号传导,从而促进红细胞生成及巨核细胞分化。JAKVF这种遗传学检查非常普遍,且有较好的成本效益,用于鉴别克隆造血。一般情况下,JAKVF的定量测定结果会报告为每毫升血浆中JAKVF的毫克数(Medicare报销的检测费用为$14.87),尽管也可以进行定性检测。在普通人群中,JAKVF对于骨髓增殖性疾病如PV诊断的敏感性为47%-%,特异性为98%-%。如果检测结果为野生型JAKVF,但仍高度怀疑PV,可考虑进行外显子1突变的检测。外显子1突变可导致JAKVF前80个氨基酸具有新的活性或活性增加;在研究的PV人群其罹患率为.5%至3.0%。检测到JAKVF或其他功能相似的突变(如外显子1)是PV诊断的主要标准之一。
本例患者应用Erythrocytosisistypicallydefinedasanincreaseofhematocritorhemoglobinlevelofmorethanstandarddeviationsabovenormallaboratoryvalues.Evaluationoferythrocytosisisbestunderstoodinthecontextofprimaryandsecondarycauses(Box).Inprimaryerythrocytosis,disordersinthedevelopmentofredbloodcellformationoccurasaresultofendogenousbonemarrowproliferation.Alternatively,secondaryerythrocytosisresultsfromtheexogenousstimulationofbonemarrowwiththesubsequentoverproductionofredbloodcells.Secondaryerythrocytosiscanbeseeninmanysettingsincludinghighaltitudeorchronicobstructivelungdisease.
红细胞增多定义为红细胞压积或血红蛋白水平超过实验室正常值的个标准差以上。红细胞增多的病因可分为原发性及继发性(表)。在原发性红细胞增多症中,内源性骨髓增生可导致红细胞生成异常。另外,骨髓受到外源性刺激造成红细胞过度产生,可引起继发性红细胞增多症。继发性红细胞增多症可见于很多临床情况,包括高原病或慢阻肺。
Box.MostCommonCausesofErythrocytosis红细胞增多症的最常见病因PrimaryErythrocytosis原发性红细胞增多症
Bloodcancer:Polycythemiavera血液系统肿瘤:真性红细胞增多症CongenitalSH3B3genemutations(encodesEPOreceptorprotein)先天性SH3B3基因(编码EPO受体蛋白)突变SecondaryErythrocytosis继发性红细胞增多症
Livingathighelevation在高原生活Congenital先天性VonHippel-Lindau(VHL)genemutationsVHL基因突变EPAS1genemutations(encodesHIFAprotein)EPAS1基因突变(编码HIFA蛋白)EGLN1genemutations(encodesPHDprotein)EGLN1基因突变(编码PHD蛋白)Chronicrespiratorylungdisease慢性肺病Obesity-hypoventilationsyndromes肥胖低通气综合征Neurologicdisorders神经系统异常Heartdisease:Right-to-leftcardiacshunts心脏病:右向左分流Medications:Exogenoussteroids药物:外源性皮质醇Obstructivesleepapnea阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停Solidtumors实体肿瘤Renalcellcarcinoma肾癌Hepatocellularcarcinoma肝癌Cerebellartumors脑肿瘤Tobaccouse吸烟Smoking吸烟Chroniccarbonmonoxideexposure一氧化碳慢性暴露Volumedepletionanddehydration容量不足及脱水PV,amyeloproliferativeneoplasm,isararebutimportantcauseofclonalhematopoiesis,whichisassociatedwithreducedsurvival北京治白癜风疗效好的医院北京一般的治疗白癜风多少钱