基于CRISPR的治疗性基因组编辑以AA
2020-8-25 来源:不详 浏览次数:次文献综述
HumanHealthApplicationsEditingStrategiesBasedonNucleaseActivity
GenedisruptionbyNHEJ.Typically,DSBsintroducedwithCRISPRarerepairedviaNHEJ,anefficientandprevalentDNArepairmechanisminhumancells.NHEJligatestwobrokenDNAendstogetheratthebreaksite(Chapmanetal.,).Thisprocessoftargetedcleavageandrepaircantakeplacerepeatedlyuntilaninsertionordeletion(indel)occursthatpreventsfurtherrecognitionofthetargetsitebythenuclease.Anindelmutationinaprotein-codinggenecancauseframeshiftingorexonskipping,therebydisruptinggenefunction(Figure1A).Thisseeminglydisruptivegeneeditingapproachhasseveraltherapeuticpotentials.Forexample,thePCSK9geneencodesanenzymethatbindstothecellsurfacereceptorforlow-densitylipoprotein(LDLR)andtriggersthelysosomaldegradationofLDLR.WhenPCSK9isdiminishedbygeneediting,LDLRcanreturntothecellsurfaceandcontinuetoremoveLDL,therebyloweringcholesterollevels(Dingetal.,;Ranetal.,).Similarly,lossofCCR5—aco-receptorexploitedbyHIVtoinfectTcells—confersHIVresistanceoneditedTcells(Xuetal.,b;Xuetal.,).Anotherapplication
ofgenedisruptionissilencingdominantnegativemutations.ThroughcarefuldesignoftheguideRNA,themutantallelecanbedifferentiallydisruptedwhilethenormaloneispreserved(Bakondietal.,;Gyo¨rgyetal.,;Rabaietal.,)(Figure1B).
disruption:n.破坏,毁坏;分裂,瓦解;
prevalent:adj.流行的;普遍的,广传的;
ligate:vt.结扎(血管等);绑;
cleavage:n.劈开,分裂;[晶体]解理;[胚]卵裂;
insertion:n.插入;嵌入;插入物;
frameshift:adj.移码的;
exonskip:外显子跳跃;
low-densitylipoprotein(LDLR):低密度脂蛋白;
trigger:n.扳机;起因,引起反应的事;触发器,引爆装置v.触发,引起;开动(装置);
lysosomal:溶酶体的;
diminish:vt.使减少;使变小vi.减少,缩小;变小;
cholesterol:n.[生化]胆固醇;
co-receptor:共受体;
exploite:v.利用;
dominant:adj.显性的;占优势的;支配的,统治的;
mutantallele:突变等位基因;
基于核酸酶活性的人类健康应用编辑策略
通过NHEJ分裂基因。通常,CRISPR引入的DSB通过NHEJ修复,NHEJ是人类细胞中一种有效且普遍的DNA修复机制。NHEJ在断裂点将两个断裂的DNA末端连接在一起。这种定向切割和修复的过程可以反复进行,直到发生插入或缺失从而阻止核酸酶进一步识别靶位点。蛋白质编码基因中的indel突变可导致移码或外显子跳转,从而破坏基因功能(图1A)。这种看似破坏性的基因编辑方法具有多种治疗潜力。例如,PCSK9基因编码一种与低密度脂蛋白(LDLR)细胞表面受体结合并触发溶酶体降解LDLR的酶。当PCSK9因基因编辑而减少时,LDLR可返回细胞表面并持续去除LDL,从而降低胆固醇水平。类似地,HIV感染T细胞的共受体——CCR5的缺失会使编辑过的T细胞产生抗HIV的能力。基因破坏的另一个应用是抑制显性负突变。通过对引导RNA的精心设计,突变等位基因可以在保留正常等位基因的同时发生差异性破坏。
Predictableeditingwithasinglecut.AlthoughtheindelmutationsgeneratedbyCas9-initiatedNHEJrepairareheterogenous,themutationspectrumisnotrandombutreproducibleanddependentonthetargetsiteandsequencecontext(vanOverbeeketal.,).Adata-trainedmachine-learningmodelwasdevelopedtopredictthetypesandfrequenciesofCas9-mediatedsmallindelsinhumanandmousecellswithhighaccuracy(Shenetal.,).Thismodelidentifieshumanpathogenicvariantsthat,followingCas9cleavage,canbecorrectedbythepredictedpredominantindels.Thistemplate-freeeditingmethodwasusedtocorrectframeshiftmutationsandmicroduplicationmutationsinhumancells(Iyeretal.,;Shenetal.,).Anotherclassofpredictableeditingistargetingasplicingsignaltoinduceexonskipping(Amoasiietal.,;Longetal.,).
Comparedwitha2-cutapproach(seebelow),usingonesingle-guideRNA(sgRNA)todestroyanexonicsplicingenhancer,asplicingacceptorsite,orasplicingdonorsiteoffersasimplifiedtherapeuticdesign.
generate:vt.使形成;发生;生殖;产生物理反应;
initiate:vt.开始,创始;发起;使初步了解;n.开始;新加入者,接受初步知识者;adj.新加入的;接受初步知识的;
heterogenous:[生物]异质的;异源的;异种的;
spectrum:n.光谱;频谱;范围;余象;
reproducible:adj.可再生的;可繁殖的;可复写的;
data-trained:数据训练的;
mediate:v.调停;调解;减轻;
accuracy:n.[数]精确度,准确性;
pathogenic:adj.致病的;病原的;发病的;
variant:n.变体;转化;adj.不同的;多样的;
predominant:adj.主要的;卓越的;支配的;有力的;有影响的;
microduplication:n.微复制;
splicing:n.拼接;[生化]剪接;剪接作用;驳布位;v.拼接;使结合;绞接;adj.接合的;
induce:v.诱导;
donor:n.捐赠者;供者;赠送人;adj.捐献的;经人工授精出生的(供体)
一次剪切即可进行可预测的编辑。虽然Cas9介导的NHEJ修复所产生的indel突变是异质的,但是突变谱不是随机的,而是可重复的,并且依赖于靶位点和序列内容。建立了数据训练的机器学习模型,以高精度预测人和小鼠细胞中Cas9介导的小插入缺失的类型和频率。该模型确定了人类病原体变异体,在Cas9切割后,可以通过预测的主要插入或缺失(indel)进行纠正。这种无模板编辑方法被用来纠正人类细胞中的移码突变和微复制突变。另一类可预测的编辑是针对剪接信号来诱导外显子跳转。与2次切割法(见下文)相比,使用一个向导RNA(sgRNA)来破坏外显子剪接增强子、剪接受体位点或剪接供体位点提供了一种简化的治疗设计。
PrecisemutationrepairbyHDR.AlthoughprecisecorrectionofDNAmutationsbyHDRisanintuitivetherapeuticapproach(Figure1C),thisDNArepairmechanismisinefficientinhumancells,especiallyinpostmitoticcellslikemyofibersandneurons(Chapmanetal.,).Furthermore,itrequirestheco-deliveryofarepairdonortemplatethatcarrieshomologyarmsmatchingthetargetedlocus,which